Implementing Child with I/O threads, and blocking I/O.

git-svn-id: https://svn.microneil.com/svn/CodeDweller/branches/adeniz_1@81 d34b734f-a00e-4b39-a726-e4eeb87269ab

child.cpp

 #endif
 
 #include <stdexcept>
+#include <utility>
 
+#include "CodeDweller/timing.hpp"
 #include "CodeDweller/child.hpp"
 
 namespace CodeDweller {
 
   }
 
+  Child::CircularBuffer::CircularBuffer(size_t maxSize) :
+    buffer(maxSize),
+    capacity(maxSize) {
+
+      iBegin = 0;
+      iEnd = 0;
+  }
+
+  bool Child::CircularBuffer::empty() const {
+    return (iBegin == iEnd);
+  }
+
+  size_t Child::CircularBuffer::nUsed() const {
+    return capacity - nFree();
+  }
+
+  void Child::CircularBuffer::clear() {
+    iBegin = 0;
+    iEnd = 0;
+  }
+
+  size_t Child::CircularBuffer::nFree() const {
+
+    if (iBegin <= iEnd) {
+      return capacity - (iEnd - iBegin);
+    }
+    return iBegin - iEnd;
+
+  }
+
+  void Child::CircularBuffer::put(char const *ptr, size_t nBytes) {
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < nBytes; i++) {
+      buffer[iEnd] = *ptr;
+      ptr++;
+      nextIndex(iEnd);
+    }
+
+  }
+
+  void Child::CircularBuffer::getAndErase(std::string &buf, size_t nBytes) {
+
+    if ( (0 == nBytes) || (nBytes > nUsed()) ) {
+      nBytes = nUsed();
+    }
+
+    buf.clear();
+    if (buf.capacity() < nBytes) {
+      buf.reserve(nBytes);
+    }
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < nBytes; i++) {
+      buf.push_back(buffer[iBegin]);
+      nextIndex(iBegin);
+    }
+
+  }
+
+  Child::Child(std::vector<std::string> const &args,
+               size_t bufSize,
+               std::uint16_t nominalAboveMinPollTime_ms,
+               std::uint16_t deltaPollTime_ms) :
+    bufferCapacity(bufSize),
+    readBuffer(bufferCapacity),
+    writeBuffer(bufferCapacity),
+    nominalPollTime_ms(nominalAboveMinPollTime_ms +
+                       CodeDweller::MinimumSleeperTime),
+    maximumPollTime_ms(nominalPollTime_ms + deltaPollTime_ms) {
+
+    init();
+    open(args);
+  }
+
+  Child::Child(std::string const &childpath,
+               size_t bufSize,
+               std::uint16_t nominalAboveMinPollTime_ms,
+               std::uint16_t deltaPollTime_ms) :
+    bufferCapacity(bufSize),
+    readBuffer(bufferCapacity),
+    writeBuffer(bufferCapacity),
+    nominalPollTime_ms(nominalAboveMinPollTime_ms +
+                       CodeDweller::MinimumSleeperTime),
+    maximumPollTime_ms(nominalPollTime_ms + deltaPollTime_ms) {
+
+    init();
+    open(childpath);
+  }
+
+  Child::Child(size_t bufSize,
+               std::uint16_t nominalAboveMinPollTime_ms,
+               std::uint16_t deltaPollTime_ms) :
+    bufferCapacity(bufSize),
+    readBuffer(bufferCapacity),
+    writeBuffer(bufferCapacity),
+    nominalPollTime_ms(nominalAboveMinPollTime_ms +
+                       CodeDweller::MinimumSleeperTime),
+    maximumPollTime_ms(nominalPollTime_ms + deltaPollTime_ms) {
+
+      init();
+  }
+
+  Child::~Child() {
+    try {
+      close();
+    } catch (...) {
+      ;
+    }
+  }
+
+  void Child::open(std::vector<std::string> const &args) {
+    cmdArgs = args;
+
+    if (isRunning()) {
+      throw std::logic_error("The child process was already active.");
+    }
+
+    init();
+    run();
+  }
+
+  void Child::open(std::string const &childpath) {
+
+    if (isRunning()) {
+      throw std::logic_error("The child process was already active.");
+    }
+
+    cmdArgs.clear();
+    cmdArgs.push_back(childpath);
+    init();
+    run();
+  }
+
+  void Child::init() {
+
+    childStarted = false;
+    childExited = false;
+    exitCodeObtainedFlag = false;
+    exitCode = 0;
+
+    readBuffer.clear();
+    nWriteBytes = 0;
+    nTransmitBytes = 0;
+
+    threadsAreRunning = false;
+    stopFlag = true;
+    errorText.clear();
+
+  }
+
+  bool Child::write(std::string const &data) {
+
+    if (!isRunning()) {
+      throw std::logic_error("No child process is running.");
+    }
+
+#warning Check that this is okay before locking
+    if (data.size() > bufferCapacity - nWriteBytes) {
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(writeBufferMutex);
+
+    std::copy(data.data(),
+              data.data() + data.size(),
+              &(writeBuffer[nWriteBytes]));
+
+    nWriteBytes += data.size();
+
+    return true;
+
+  }
+
+  size_t Child::writeAndShrink(std::string &data) {
+
+    if (!isRunning()) {
+      throw std::logic_error("No child process is running.");
+    }
+
+#warning Check that this is okay before locking
+    size_t nFree = bufferCapacity - nWriteBytes;
+
+    if (0 == nFree) {
+      return 0;
+    }
+
+    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(writeBufferMutex);
+
+    size_t nBytesToCopy = data.size();
+
+    if (nBytesToCopy > nFree) {
+      nBytesToCopy = nFree;
+    }
+
+    std::copy(data.data(),
+              data.data() + nBytesToCopy,
+              &(writeBuffer[nWriteBytes]));
+    nWriteBytes += nBytesToCopy;
+
+    data.erase(0, nBytesToCopy);
+
+    return nBytesToCopy;
+
+  }
+
+  bool Child::isFinishedWriting() const {
+    return ( (0 == nWriteBytes) &&
+             (0 == nTransmitBytes) );
+  }
+
+  size_t Child::read(std::string &data, size_t nBytes) {
+
+    if (!isRunning()) {
+      throw std::logic_error("No child process is running.");
+    }
+
+    data.clear();
+
+#warning Check that this is okay before locking
+    if (readBuffer.empty()) {
+      return 0;
+    }
+
+    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(readBufferMutex);
+
+    size_t nBytesToRead = nBytes;
+
+    if (nBytesToRead > readBuffer.nUsed()) {
+      nBytesToRead = readBuffer.nUsed();
+    }
+    
+    readBuffer.getAndErase(data, nBytesToRead);
+
+    return data.size();
+
+  }
+
+  void Child::close() {
+
+    if (!childStarted) {
+      throw std::logic_error("Child process was not started "
+			     "when close() was called");
+    }
+
+    // Stop the reader and writer threads.  Note: None of the error
+    // conditions that cause an exception to be thrown by join()
+    // can ever occur.
+    stopFlag = true;
+
+    // Terminate the child if it's running.
+    if (isRunning()) {
+
+#ifdef _WIN32
+      if (!TerminateProcess(childProcess, terminateExitCode)) {
+#else
+      if (kill(childPid, SIGTERM) != 0) {
+#endif
+        throw std::runtime_error("Error terminating the child process:  " +
+                                 getErrorText());
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (threadsAreRunning) {
+
+      readerThread.join();
+      writerThread.join();
+      threadsAreRunning = false;
+
+    }
+
+    // Reset.
+    init();
+  }
+
+  bool Child::isRunning() const {
+    return childStarted && !childExited;
+  }
+
+  bool Child::errorOccurred(std::string &errorDescription) const {
+    errorDescription = errorText;
+    return !errorDescription.empty();
+  }
+
+  void Child::run() {
+
+    if (childStarted) {
+      throw std::logic_error("Child process was active when "
+			     "run() was called");
+    }
+
+    if (cmdArgs.empty()) {
+      throw std::invalid_argument("A child executable must be specified.");
+    }
+
+#ifdef _WIN32
+    // Set the bInheritHandle flag so pipe handles are inherited. 
+    SECURITY_ATTRIBUTES securityAttributes; 
+
+    securityAttributes.nLength = sizeof(SECURITY_ATTRIBUTES); 
+    securityAttributes.bInheritHandle = true; 
+    securityAttributes.lpSecurityDescriptor = NULL; 
+
+    // Create a pipe for the child process's STDOUT.
+    HANDLE childStdOutAtChild;
+    HANDLE childStdOutAtParent;
+    HANDLE childStdInAtChild;
+    HANDLE childStdInAtParent;
+    int bufferSize = 0;
+
+    if (!CreatePipe(&childStdOutAtParent,
+		    &childStdOutAtChild,
+		    &securityAttributes,
+		    bufferSize)) {
+      throw std::runtime_error("Error from CreatePipe for stdout:  " +
+			       getErrorText());
+    }
+
+    // Ensure the read handle to the pipe for STDOUT is not inherited.
+    int inheritFlag = 0;
+    if (!SetHandleInformation(childStdOutAtParent,
+			      HANDLE_FLAG_INHERIT,
+			      inheritFlag) ) {
+      throw std::runtime_error("Error from GetHandleInformation for stdout:  " +
+			       getErrorText());
+    }
+
+    // Create a pipe for the child process's STDIN. 
+    if (! CreatePipe(&childStdInAtChild,
+		     &childStdInAtParent,
+		     &securityAttributes,
+		     bufferSize)) {
+      throw std::runtime_error("Error from CreatePipe for stdin:  " +
+			       getErrorText());
+    }
+
+    // Ensure the write handle to the pipe for STDIN is not inherited. 
+    if (!SetHandleInformation(childStdInAtParent,
+			      HANDLE_FLAG_INHERIT,
+			      inheritFlag)) {
+      throw std::runtime_error("Error from GetHandleInformation for stdin:  " +
+			       getErrorText());
+    }
+ 
+    // Set up members of the PROCESS_INFORMATION structure. 
+    PROCESS_INFORMATION processInfo; 
+
+    std::fill((char *) &processInfo,
+	      ((char *) &processInfo) + sizeof(PROCESS_INFORMATION),
+	      0);
+ 
+    // Set up members of the STARTUPINFO structure.  This structure
+    // specifies the STDIN and STDOUT handles for redirection.
+    STARTUPINFO startInfo;
+
+    std::fill((char *) &startInfo,
+	      ((char *) &startInfo) + sizeof(STARTUPINFO),
+	      0);
+    startInfo.cb = sizeof(STARTUPINFO); 
+    startInfo.hStdError = childStdOutAtChild;
+    startInfo.hStdOutput = childStdOutAtChild;
+    startInfo.hStdInput = childStdInAtChild;
+    startInfo.dwFlags |= STARTF_USESTDHANDLES;
+ 
+    // Assemble the command line.
+    std::string cmdline;
+
+    if (cmdArgs.size() == 1) {
+      cmdline = cmdArgs[0];
+    } else {
+
+      // Append all but last command-line arguments.
+      for (size_t i = 0; i < cmdArgs.size() - 1; i++) {
+	cmdline += cmdArgs[i] + " ";
+      }
+      cmdline += cmdArgs.back(); // Append last command-line argument.
+    }
+
+    // Create the child process. 
+    bool status;
+ 
+    status = CreateProcess(NULL, 
+			   (char *) cmdline.c_str(),
+			   NULL,          // process security attributes 
+			   NULL,          // primary thread security attributes 
+			   true,          // handles are inherited 
+			   0,             // creation flags 
+			   NULL,          // use parent's environment 
+			   NULL,          // use parent's current directory 
+			   &startInfo,    // STARTUPINFO pointer 
+			   &processInfo); // receives PROCESS_INFORMATION 
+
+    // If an error occurs, exit the application. 
+    if (!status ) {
+      throw std::runtime_error("Error from CreateProcess with "
+			       "command line \"" + cmdline + "\":  " +
+			       getErrorText());
+    }
+
+    // Provide the stream buffers with the handles for communicating
+    // with the child process.
+    inputHandle = childStdOutAtParent;
+    outputHandle = childStdInAtParent;
+
+    // Save the handles to the child process and its primary thread.
+    childProcess = processInfo.hProcess;
+    childThread = processInfo.hThread;
+
+    // Close the child's end of the pipes.
+    if (!CloseHandle(childStdOutAtChild)) {
+      throw std::runtime_error("Error closing the child process "
+			       "stdout handle:  " + getErrorText());
+    }
+     
+    if (!CloseHandle(childStdInAtChild)) {
+      throw std::runtime_error("Error closing the child process "
+			       "stdin handle:  " + getErrorText());
+    }
+
+#else
+
+    // Create the pipes for the stdin and stdout.
+    int childStdInPipe[2];
+    int childStdOutPipe[2];
+
+    if (pipe(childStdInPipe) != 0) {
+      throw std::runtime_error("Error creating pipe for stdin:  " +
+			       getErrorText());
+    }
+    if (pipe(childStdOutPipe) != 0) {
+      ::close(childStdInPipe[0]);
+      ::close(childStdInPipe[1]);
+      throw std::runtime_error("Error creating pipe for stdout:  " +
+			       getErrorText());
+    }
+
+    // Create the child process. 
+    childPid = fork();
+    if (-1 == childPid) {
+      for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
+	::close(childStdInPipe[i]);
+	::close(childStdOutPipe[i]);
+      }
+      throw std::runtime_error("Error creating child process:  " +
+			       getErrorText());
+    }
+ 
+    if (0 == childPid) {
+
+      // The child executes this.  Redirect stdin.
+      if (dup2(childStdInPipe[0], STDIN_FILENO) == -1) {
+	std::string errMsg;
+
+	// Send message to parent.
+	errMsg = "Error redirecting stdin in the child:  " + getErrorText();
+	::write(childStdOutPipe[1], errMsg.data(), errMsg.size());
+	exit(-1);
+      }
+
+      // Redirect stdout.
+      if (dup2(childStdOutPipe[1], STDOUT_FILENO) == -1) {
+	std::string errMsg;
+
+	// Send message to parent.
+	errMsg = "Error redirecting stdout in the child:  " + getErrorText();
+	::write(childStdOutPipe[1], errMsg.data(), errMsg.size());
+	exit(-1);
+      }
+
+      // Close pipes.
+      if ( (::close(childStdInPipe[0]) != 0) ||
+	   (::close(childStdInPipe[1]) != 0) ||
+	   (::close(childStdOutPipe[0]) != 0) ||
+	   (::close(childStdOutPipe[1]) != 0) ) {
+	std::string errMsg;
+
+	// Send message to parent.
+	errMsg = "Error closing the pipes in the child:  " + getErrorText();
+	::write(STDOUT_FILENO, errMsg.data(), errMsg.size());
+	exit(-1);
+
+      }
+
+      // Prepare the arguments.
+      std::vector<const char *> execvArgv;
+
+      for (auto &arg : cmdArgs) {
+	execvArgv.push_back(arg.c_str());
+      }
+      execvArgv.push_back((char *) NULL);
+
+      // Run the child process image.
+      (void) execv(execvArgv[0], (char * const *) &(execvArgv[0]));
+
+      // Error from exec.
+      std::string errMsg;
+
+      // Send message to parent.
+      errMsg = "Error from exec:  " + getErrorText();
+      ::write(STDOUT_FILENO, errMsg.data(), errMsg.size());
+      exit(-1);
+
+    }
+
+    // Provide the stream buffers with the file descriptors for
+    // communicating with the child process.
+    inputFileDescriptor = childStdOutPipe[0];
+    outputFileDescriptor = childStdInPipe[1];
+
+    // Close the child's end of the pipes.
+    if ( (::close(childStdInPipe[0]) != 0) ||
+	 (::close(childStdOutPipe[1]) != 0) ) {
+      std::string errMsg;
+
+      throw std::runtime_error("Error closing child's end of pipes in "
+			       "the parent:  " + getErrorText());
+    }
+
+#endif
+
+    childStarted = true;
+
+    // Start the reader and writer threads.
+    stopFlag = false;
+
+    try {
+
+      std::thread readerTemp(&Child::readFromChild, this);
+      readerThread = std::move(readerTemp);
+
+    } catch (std::exception &e) {
+
+      throw std::runtime_error("Error starting reader thread:  " +
+                               getErrorText());
+
+    }
+
+    try {
+
+      std::thread writerTemp(&Child::writeToChild, this);
+      writerThread = std::move(writerTemp);
+
+    } catch (std::exception &e) {
+
+      stopFlag = true;
+      readerThread.join();
+
+      throw std::runtime_error("Error starting writer thread:  " +
+                               getErrorText());
+
+    }
+
+    threadsAreRunning = true;
+
+  }
+
+  bool Child::isDone() {
+
+    if (childExited) {
+
+      return true;
+
+    }
+
+    if (!childStarted) {
+      throw std::logic_error("Child process was not started "
+			     "when isDone() was called");
+    }
+
+    int result;
+
+#ifdef _WIN32
+    if (!GetExitCodeProcess(childProcess, (LPDWORD) &result)) {
+      throw std::runtime_error("Error checking status of child process:  " +
+			       getErrorText());
+    }
+
+    if (STILL_ACTIVE == result) {
+
+      return false;
+
+    }
+
+    // Child process has exited.  Save the exit code.
+    exitCode = result;
+    exitCodeObtainedFlag = true;
+
+#else
+    int status = 0;
+
+    result = waitpid(childPid, &status, WNOHANG);
+    if (-1 == result) {
+      throw std::runtime_error("Error checking status of child process:  " +
+			       getErrorText());
+    } else if (0 == result) {
+
+      // Child is still running.
+      return false;
+
+    }
+
+    if (WIFEXITED(status)) {
+
+      // Child exited normally.
+      exitCode = WEXITSTATUS(status);
+      exitCodeObtainedFlag = true;
+
+    }
+
+#endif
+
+    childExited = true;
+
+    // Stop threads.
+    stopFlag = true;
+    readerThread.join();
+    writerThread.join();
+    threadsAreRunning = false;
+
+    return true;
+
+  }
+
+  int32_t Child::result() {
+
+    if (exitCodeObtainedFlag) {
+
+      return exitCode;
+
+    }
+
+    // Check whether the process is running, and get the exit code.
+    if (!isDone()) {
+      throw std::logic_error("Child process was still running "
+			     "when result() was called");
+    }
+
+    // Child process has exited.
+    if (!exitCodeObtainedFlag) {
+
+      // Exit code is not available.
+      throw std::runtime_error("Child process has exited but the exit "
+			       "code is not available");
+
+    }
+
+    return exitCode;
+
+  }
+
+  std::string Child::getErrorText() {
+
+#ifdef _WIN32
+    LPVOID winMsgBuf;
+    DWORD lastError = GetLastError(); 
+
+    FormatMessage(
+		  FORMAT_MESSAGE_ALLOCATE_BUFFER | 
+		  FORMAT_MESSAGE_FROM_SYSTEM |
+		  FORMAT_MESSAGE_IGNORE_INSERTS,
+		  NULL,
+		  lastError,
+		  MAKELANGID(LANG_NEUTRAL, SUBLANG_DEFAULT),
+		  (char *) &winMsgBuf,
+		  0, NULL );
+
+    std::string errMsg((char *) winMsgBuf);
+
+    LocalFree(winMsgBuf);
+    return errMsg;
+#else
+    return strerror(errno);
+#endif
+  }
+
+  void Child::readFromChild() {
+
+    std::vector<char> rxBuf(bufferCapacity);
+
+    CodeDweller::PollTimer pollTimer(nominalPollTime_ms, maximumPollTime_ms);
+
+    auto sleepTime = std::chrono::milliseconds(maximumPollTime_ms);
+
+    while (!stopFlag) {
+
+      char *bufferPtr;
+
+      bufferPtr = &(rxBuf[0]);
+
+      // Blocking read from the child.
+#ifdef _WIN32
+      DWORD nBytesRead;
+
+      if (!ReadFile(inputHandle,
+                    bufferPtr,
+                    bufferCapacity,
+                    &nBytesRead,
+                    NULL)) {
+
+        if (stopFlag) {
+          break;
+        }
+
+        errorText = "Error reading from the child process:  ";
+        errorText += getErrorText();
+        break;
+
+      }
+#else
+      ssize_t nBytesRead;
+
+      nBytesRead = ::read(inputFileDescriptor,
+                          bufferPtr,
+                          bufferCapacity);
+      if (-1 == nBytesRead) {
+
+        if (stopFlag) {
+          break;
+        }
+
+        errorText = "Error reading from the child process:  ";
+        errorText += getErrorText();
+        break;
+
+      }
+#endif
+
+      // Copy to the shared read buffer.
+      while ((nBytesRead > 0) && !stopFlag) {
+
+        int nBytesToPut;
+
+        nBytesToPut = nBytesRead;
+
+#warning Check thread safety
+        if (nBytesToPut > readBuffer.nFree()) {
+          nBytesToPut = readBuffer.nFree();
+        }
+
+        if (nBytesToPut > 0) {
+          std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(readBufferMutex);
+
+          readBuffer.put(bufferPtr, nBytesToPut);
+          bufferPtr += nBytesToPut;
+          nBytesRead -= nBytesToPut;
+
+          pollTimer.reset();
+
+        } else {
+          pollTimer.pause();
+        }
+
+      }
+
+    }
+
+  }
+
+  void Child::writeToChild() {
+
+    std::vector<char> localWriteBuffer(bufferCapacity);
+    size_t nLocalWriteBytes;
+
+    CodeDweller::PollTimer pollTimer(nominalPollTime_ms, maximumPollTime_ms);
+
+    auto sleepTime = std::chrono::milliseconds(maximumPollTime_ms);
+
+    while (!stopFlag) {
+
+      char *bufferPtr;
+
+      // Poll for data in the shared write buffer.
+      while ((0 == nWriteBytes) && !stopFlag) {
+        pollTimer.pause();
+      }
+
+      if (stopFlag) {
+        goto exit;
+      }
+
+      // Copy from the shared write buffer.
+      {
+        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(writeBufferMutex);
+
+        localWriteBuffer.swap(writeBuffer);
+        nLocalWriteBytes = nWriteBytes;
+        nWriteBytes = 0;
+      }
+
+      if (stopFlag) {
+        goto exit;
+      }
+
+      pollTimer.reset();
+
+      // Blocking write to the child.
+      bufferPtr = &(localWriteBuffer[0]);
+
+      while (nLocalWriteBytes > 0) {
+
+#ifdef _WIN32
+        DWORD nBytesWritten;
+
+        if (!WriteFile(outputHandle,
+                       bufferPtr,
+                       nLocalWriteBytes,
+                       &nBytesWritten,
+                       NULL)) {
+
+          if (stopFlag) {
+            goto exit;
+          }
+
+          errorText = "Error writing to the child process:  ";
+          errorText += getErrorText();
+          goto exit;
+
+        }
+
+        if (stopFlag) {
+          goto exit;
+        }
+#else
+        ssize_t nBytesWritten;
+
+        nBytesWritten = ::write(outputFileDescriptor,
+                                bufferPtr,
+                                nLocalWriteBytes);
+
+        if (stopFlag) {
+          goto exit;
+        }
+
+        if (-1 == nBytesWritten) {
+
+          if (ENOSPC != errno) {
+
+            // Some error other than no space.
+            errorText = "Error writing to the child process:  ";
+            errorText += getErrorText();
+            goto exit;
+
+          }
+
+        }
+#endif
+
+        nLocalWriteBytes -= nBytesWritten;
+        bufferPtr += nBytesWritten;
+
+      }
+
+    }
+
+  exit: return;
+
+  }
+
 }

child.hpp

 #include <iostream>
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>
+#include <thread>
+#include <mutex>
 
 namespace CodeDweller {
 
 
   */
 
-  /** Class that abstracts the communication with a child process.
+  /** Class that abstracts the iostreams communication with a child
+      process.
 
       This class provides functionality to create a child process,
       communicate with the child process via streams and signals, and
       //
       explicit ChildStreambuf(std::size_t bufSize = 4096);
 
-      /// Thread start function to send data to the child.
-      void sendToChild();
-
 #ifdef _WIN32
 
       /// Set the handle to read the standard output of the child
     */
     bool isRunning() const;
 
-    /** Terminite the child process.
+    /** Terminate the child process.
 
 	\throws runtime_error if an error occurs.
 
     /// Child executable path and command-line parameters.
     std::vector<std::string> cmdArgs;
 
+#ifdef _WIN32
+    /// Child's process handle.
+    HANDLE childProcess;
+
+    /// Child's thread handle.
+    HANDLE childThread;
+#else
+    /// Child process ID.
+    pid_t childPid;
+#endif
+
+    /// Exit value of the process.
+    int32_t exitCode;
+
+    /// True if the exit code has been obtained.
+    bool exitCodeObtainedFlag;
+
+    /// Return text for the most recent error.
+    //
+    // \returns Human-readable description of the most recent error.
+    //
+    static std::string getErrorText();
+
+  };
+
+  /** Class that abstracts the non-blocking communication with a child
+      process.
+
+      This class provides functionality to create a child process,
+      communicate with the child process via non-blocking methods, and
+      obtain the exit code of the child process.
+
+  */
+
+  class Child {
+
+  private:
+
+    /** Circular buffer of characters. */
+    class CircularBuffer {
+
+    public:
+
+      /** Constructor specifies the capacity.
+
+          @param[in] maxSize is the capacity of the buffer.
+
+      */
+      CircularBuffer(size_t maxSize);
+
+      /** Check whether the container is empty.
+
+          @returns true if the container is empty, false otherwise.
+
+      */
+      bool empty() const;
+
+      /** Get the size.
+
+          @returns the number of bytes in the buffer.
+
+      */
+      size_t nUsed() const;
+
+      /** Get the available space.
+
+          @returns the number of bytes that can be written to the
+          buffer without overwriting any existing data.
+
+      */
+      size_t nFree() const;
+
+      /** Clear the buffer. */
+      void clear();
+
+      /** Put bytes to the buffer.
+
+          @param[in] ptr is the address of the first byte to put.
+
+          @param[in] nBytes is the number of bytes to put.
+
+      */
+      void put(char const *ptr, size_t nBytes);
+
+      /** Get bytes from the buffer.
+
+          This method gets the specified number of bytes from the
+          buffer, and erases those bytes from the buffer.
+
+          @param[out] buf receives the data.  The contents of buf are
+          replaced with the data in the circular buffer.
+
+          @param[in] nBytes is the number of bytes to get.  Specifying
+          a value of zero for nBytes gets and erases all the data.
+
+      */
+      void getAndErase(std::string &buf, size_t nBytes = 0);
+
+    private:
+
+      /** Increment the index.
+
+          @param[in] index is the index to increment.
+
+      */
+      void nextIndex(size_t &index) const {
+        index++;
+        if (index >= capacity)
+          index = 0;
+      }
+
+      /// Buffer to hold data.
+      std::vector<char> buffer;
+
+      /// Capacity of the buffer.
+      size_t capacity;
+
+      /// Index of first element.
+      size_t iBegin;
+
+      /// Index of one past the last element.
+      size_t iEnd;
+
+    };
+
+  public:
+
+    /** Constructor for spawning with command-line parameters.
+
+	The constructor configures the object, and spawns the child
+	process.
+
+	\param[in] args contains the child executable file name and
+	command-line parameters. args[0] contains the full path of the
+	executable, and args[1] thru args[n] are the command-line
+	parameters.
+
+	\param[in] bufSize is the input and output buffer size of the
+	stream used to communicate with the child process.
+
+        \param[in] nominalAboveMinPollTime_ms is used to determine the
+        minimum time in milliseconds that the writer thread sleeps
+        when there's no data in the output buffer, and that the reader
+        thread sleeps when there's no room in the input buffer.  The
+        minimum time is nominalAboveMinPollTime_ms +
+        CodeDweller::MinimumSleeperTime.
+
+        \param[in] deltaPollTime_ms is how much longer, in
+        milliseconds, the maximum time to sleep is than the minimum time.
+
+	\throws runtime_error if an error occurs.
+
+    */
+    Child(std::vector<std::string> const &args,
+          size_t bufSize = 128 * 1024,
+          std::uint16_t nominalAboveMinPollTime_ms = 0,
+          std::uint16_t deltaPollTime_ms = 500);
+
+    /** Constructor for spawning without command-line parameters.
+
+	The constructor configures the object, and spawns the child
+	process.
+
+	\param[in] childpath contains the child executable file name.
+
+	\param[in] bufSize is the input and output buffer size of the
+	stream used to communicate with the child process.
+
+        \param[in] nominalAboveMinPollTime_ms is used to determine the
+        minimum time in milliseconds that the writer thread sleeps
+        when there's no data in the output buffer, and that the reader
+        thread sleeps when there's no room in the input buffer.  The
+        minimum time is nominalAboveMinPollTime_ms +
+        CodeDweller::MinimumSleeperTime.
+
+        \param[in] deltaPollTime_ms is how much longer, in
+        milliseconds, the maximum time to sleep is than the minimum time.
+
+	\throws runtime_error if an error occurs.
+
+    */
+    Child(std::string const &childpath,
+          size_t bufSize = 128 * 1024,
+          std::uint16_t nominalAboveMinPollTime_ms = 0,
+          std::uint16_t deltaPollTime_ms = 500);
+
+    /** Constructor.
+
+	The constructor configures the I/O buffers, but doesn't spawn
+	any child process.
+
+	\param[in] bufSize is the input and output buffer size of the
+	stream used to communicate with the child process.
+
+        \param[in] nominalAboveMinPollTime_ms is used to determine the
+        minimum time in milliseconds that the writer thread sleeps
+        when there's no data in the output buffer, and that the reader
+        thread sleeps when there's no room in the input buffer.  The
+        minimum time is nominalAboveMinPollTime_ms +
+        CodeDweller::MinimumSleeperTime.
+
+        \param[in] deltaPollTime_ms is how much longer, in
+        milliseconds, the maximum time to sleep is than the minimum time.
+
+    */
+    Child(size_t bufSize = 4096,
+          std::uint16_t nominalAboveMinPollTime_ms = 0,
+          std::uint16_t deltaPollTime_ms = 500);
+
+    /** Destructor terminates the child process. */
+    ~Child();
+
+    /** Spawn the child process.
+
+	\param[in] args contains the child executable file name and
+	command-line parameters. args[0] contains the full path of the
+	executable, and args[1] thru args[n] are the command-line
+	parameters.
+
+	\throws runtime_error if an error occurs.
+
+	\throws runtime_error if an error occurs.
+
+    */
+    void open(std::vector<std::string> const &args);
+
+    /** Spawn the child process.
+
+	\param[in] childpath contains the child executable file name.
+
+	\throws runtime_error if an error occurs.
+
+    */
+    void open(std::string const &childpath);
+
+    /** All-or-nothing non-blocking queue write request to the child.
+
+        This methods attempts to queue a write request consisting of
+        the entire contents of the string.
+
+        @param[in] data is the data to queue.
+
+        @returns true if the write request was queued, false
+        otherwise.
+
+    */
+    bool write(std::string const &data);
+
+    /** Non-blocking queue write request to the child.
+
+        This methods attempts to queue a write request consisting of
+        as much as possible of the contents of the string.
+
+        @param[in, out] data on input is the data to queue.  On
+        output, data contains the data that was not queued.
+
+        @returns the number of bytes queued.
+
+    */
+    size_t writeAndShrink(std::string &data);
+
+    /** Check if all queued data was transmitted.
+
+        @returns true if all the queued data was transmitted to the
+        child, false otherwise.
+
+    */
+    bool isFinishedWriting() const;
+
+    /** Non-blocking request to get data read from the child.
+
+        This method attempts to get up to a specified number of bytes
+        of data from the input buffer containing data received from
+        the child.  The data that is provided is erased from the input
+        buffer.
+
+        @param[out] data contains the copied data.
+
+        @param[in] nBytes is the number of bytes to attempt to copy.
+        If nBytes is zero, the contents of the entire input buffer is
+        moved to data.
+
+        @returns the number of bytes copied.
+
+    */
+    size_t read(std::string &data, size_t nBytes = 0);
+
+    /** Check whether the child process is running.
+
+	\returns True if the child process is running, false
+	otherwise.
+
+    */
+    bool isRunning() const;
+
+    /** Check error status.
+
+        This method checks whether an error occurred when
+        communicating with the child process.
+
+        \param[out] errorDescription contains any description of the
+        error.
+
+        \returns true if an error occurred, false otherwise.
+
+    */
+    bool errorOccurred(std::string &errorDescription) const;
+
+    /** Close the connection.
+
+        This method terminate the child process if it is running, and
+        resets the object.  After this method is invoked, open() can
+        be invoked to spawn and communicate with another child
+        process.
+
+	\throws runtime_error if an error occurs.
+
+	\throws logic_error if the child process is not running.
+
+    */
+    void close();
+
+    /** Check whether the child process has exited.
+
+	\returns True if the child process has exited, false
+	otherwise.
+
+	\throws runtime_error if an error occurs.
+
+	\throws logic_error if the child process is not running.
+
+    */
+    bool isDone();
+
+    /** Get the exit value of the child process.
+
+	\returns The exit value of the child process if the child
+	process has exited.
+
+	\throws runtime_error if an error occurs.
+
+	\throws logic_error if the child process has not exited.
+
+	\throws logic_error if the child process is not running.
+
+    */
+    int32_t result();
+
+  private:
+
+    /// Initialize data members.
+    void init();
+
+    /** Spawn the child process.
+
+	\throws runtime_error if an error occurs.
+
+    */
+    void run();
+
+    /// Reader thread object.
+    std::thread readerThread;
+
+    /// Thread start function to read data from the child.
+    void readFromChild();
+
+    /// Writer thread object.
+    std::thread writerThread;
+
+    /// Thread start function to send data to the child.
+    void writeToChild();
+
+    /// True if readerThread and writerThread are to stop.
+    bool stopFlag;
+
+    /// True if both the reader and writer the writer threads are
+    /// running, false otherwise.
+    bool threadsAreRunning;
+
+    /// Description of any error.
+    std::string errorText;
+
+    /// Input and output handles.
+#ifdef _WIN32
+    HANDLE inputHandle;
+    HANDLE outputHandle;
+#else
+    int inputFileDescriptor;
+    int outputFileDescriptor;
+#endif
+
+    /// Capacity of buffers.
+    std::size_t bufferCapacity;
+
+    /// Read buffer.
+    CircularBuffer readBuffer;
+
+    /// Mutex to serialize access to readBuffer.
+    std::mutex readBufferMutex;
+
+    /// Write buffer.
+    std::vector<char> writeBuffer;
+
+    /// Number of bytes in writeBuffer.
+    size_t nWriteBytes;
+
+    /// Mutex to serialize access to writeBuffer.
+    std::mutex writeBufferMutex;
+
+    /// Number of bytes in writer thread transmit buffer.
+    size_t nTransmitBytes;
+
+    /// Nominal poll time.
+    //
+    // If there isn't room in readBuffer, readerThread aperiodically
+    // checks whether room is available.  The check times are
+    // determined by a CodeDweller::PollTimer object, which requires a
+    // nominal poll time and a maximum poll time.
+    int nominalPollTime_ms;
+
+    /// Maximum poll time.
+    int maximumPollTime_ms;
+
+    /// Exit code to use when terminating the child process.
+    static const uint32_t terminateExitCode = 0;
+
+    /// True if the child process was successfully started.
+    bool childStarted;
+
+    /// True if the child process has exited.
+    bool childExited;
+
+    /// Child executable path and command-line parameters.
+    std::vector<std::string> cmdArgs;
+
 #ifdef _WIN32
     /// Child's process handle.
     HANDLE childProcess;